In urban areas, health reformers recommended privies with removable pails (above left) for regular collection by a scavenger or "slop" wagon (above). The privies at the Front Street sites were more basic, following a less expensive and less sanitary design (left) recommended for rural areas. Many of these shallow privies at Front Street were lined with wood rather than more durable brick.

(clockwise from above left: from Carnes-McNaughton and Harper 2000:104, 101, 105)